6 Izgleiteibys viesturis fakti / Facts about the History of Education

• Vacuokuo škola Latgolā (piec B. Brežgo) ir dybynuota Daugovpilī laika pūsmā nu 1625. da 1628. godam. Nu 1813. goda jei dorbuojusēs Kruoslovā, bet nu 1855. goda puorcalta iz Rēzekni, dorbuojuos kai Rēzeknis 1. pamatškola Latvejis breivvaļsts laikā, Rēzeknis 1. vydusškolu var pīzeit par juos maņtineicu. Tei beja jezuitu dybynuota škola, kurā varēja vuiceitīs tik boguotūs cylvāku bārni, kurūs vydā vēļ ilgi nav latvīšu. Pamatvuiceibu volūda tymā laikā ir bejuse pūļu.
• Jezuiti pi bazneicom suoce dybynuot školys. Kai vīna nu pyrmūs Viļakā (1683), Pustiņā (1748), tod ap 1750. godu ari Dagdā, Feimaņūs i cytur.
• Pyrmuo augstuokuo vuiceibu īstuode Latvejā ir bejs Kruoslovys Goreigais seminars (1757–1844), kuru ir absolviejuši puori par 250 bazneickungu, kas 19. g. s. veiduoja latgalīšu laiceiguos literaturys suokys i turpynuoja goreiguos literaturys i vītejuos latvīšu volūdys kūpšonys tradicejis. Ite jau vuica vītejū latvīšu volūdu.

Vīns nu bazneickungu, kas pabeidze Kruoslovys Goreigū seminaru, beja Juoņs Kurmins. Jis beja piec tauteibys leitovīts i izdeve pyrmū latgalīšu vuordineicu „Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski..” (Pūļu–latīņu–latvīšu vuordineica..).

      J. Kurmina vuordineicys vuoks

Ka gribi vaira dazynuot par J. Kurmina vuordineicu, pasaver: http://www.lingvistiskakarte.lv/tag/jana_kurmina_slownik 

• Par draudžu, vāluok ari pyrmūs tautškolu dybynuošonu i pastuoviešonys laiku ir vysai pretruneigys zinis. Itū nūsaceja: 1) Latgolys atsarasšona periferejā, školu pakļauteiba nu suoku Viļnis universitatis (da 1824. godam), vāluok Boltkrīvejis, Pīterpiļs vuiceibu apgobolam (1829–1864), tod otkon Viļnis vuiceibu apgobolam, nu 1918. g. – vītejuos varys puorvaļdei, 2) draudzis školu sliegšona piec 1830. goda.
• Nu 1824. g. nūsaceits, ka vysuos školuos vuiceibu volūda ir krīvu volūda. Viņ 1907. g. saisteibā ar Nikodema Rancāna dybynuotajom školom Rēzeknē pasaruoda vītejuo latvīšu volūda kai vuiceibu prīškmats. Juodasoka, ka dažuos draudzis školuos M. Rots Daugovpilī, Dagdā, K. Buinickis Rēzeknē, E. Braslings Strūžānūs vuiceja vītejū latvīšu volūdu, nasaverūt iz aizlīgumu.
• Pi vacuokūs tautškolu miņ: Strūžānu (1840), Vuorkovys (1845), Leivuona (1854), Ondrupinis (1860), Zviergzdinis (1860).                                         

Davīnoj kartē sovu školu i tuos dybynuošonys ci darbeibys laiku!

• Suocūt ar 1920. godu, Latgolā suoc pakuopeniski dorbuotīs četrklaseiguos i sešklaseiguos školys, kuruos vuiceibu volūda ir latvīšu volūda, ar itū saprūtūt latgalīšu izlūksni (myusu dīnuos – latgalīšu volūda) pyrmajuos div klasēs, piečuok kai vuiceibu prīškmats, i vyds (ari baltīšu) izlūksne (myusu dīnuos – latvīšu literaruo volūda) kai vuiceibu volūda nu trešuos klasis. Sūpluok latvīšu (latgalīšu) školom dorbuojuos školys ar krīvu, pūļu vuiceibu volūdu, kai ari žydu školys. Itaida volūdu apgivis politika pastuov da 1934. godam – Kārļa Ulmaņa apvārsumam.
• Informaceju par sovu školu vari meklēt žurnalā „Latgolas Škola“ (1921–1938).  18 darbības gados tika izdoti 93 num. uz apmēram 2000 lpp. (Rudko 1990) Tys beja izdavums, kas atspīgeļuoja Latgolys školu situaceju, izgleiteibys stuovūkli i politiku, izgleituoja par pedagogiskom metodem, pietejumim, pīgrīze lelu viereibu latgalīšu volūdai i literaturai.
• Latgolas Škola, Nr.2 (01.04.1922.)

Atminis par pogosta školu „krīvu laikūs” var skaiteit žurnalā „Latgolas škola”: http://periodika.lv/periodika2-viewer/? lang=fr#panel:pp|issue:12380|article:DIVL22

• Latgalīšu volūda školā atsagrīze vēļ nacistiskuos Vuocejis okupacejis laikā (1941–1944). Vysu padūmu laiku školuos vuiceja tikai vīnu latvīšu volūdys paveidu – latvīšu literarū volūdu. Ari piec Latvejis naatkareibys atjaunuošonys 1991. godā latgalīšu volūda naatsagrīze školā kai vuiceibu prīškmats ci volūda, a fragmentari pasaruodeja kai fakultativs prīškmats ci uorpusstuņžu pulceņš.

Olūti / Sources

• Brežgo, Boļeslavs. Vacōkō skūla. Brežgo, Boļeslavs. Latgolas pagōtne, I. Daugavpils: Vl. Lōča izd., 1943.
• Kurmin, Jan. Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski ułozony i napisany przez xiędza Jana Kurmina. Wilno: M. Zymelowicza, 1858.
• Latgolas Škola (1921–1938). http://periodika.lv/#periodicalItem:468
• Leikuma, Lideja. Gruomota školuotuojim. Lielvārde: Lielvārds, 1993.
• Rudko, Napoleons, Tretjuks, Pēteris (1990). Ieskats Latgales skolu vēsturē. Viļāni: LR Tautas izglītības ministrija.
• Skomba [Kemps, F.]. Kai es gōju pogosta školā. Latgolas škola. 1938, Nr.3, 50.–53. lpp. http://periodika.lv/periodika2-viewer/?lang=fr#panel:pp|issue:12380|article:DIVL22
• Šuplinska, I. Latgolys škola. Latgalīšu rokstu volūda. https://www.tavaklase.lv/video/latgolys-skola/
• Šuplinska, I. Latgolys škola. Šuplinska, I. zin. red. Latgolys lingvoteritorialuo vuordineica II. Rēzekne: Rēzeknis Augstškola, 2012, 397–400. lpp.

• The oldest school in Latgale (according to B. Brežgo) was founded in Daugavpils in the time between 1625 and 1628. Since 1813, it continued its work in Krāslava, and in 1855 it moved to Rēzekne. During the first period of independence of Latvia, it operated under the name of 1st Primary School; Rēzekne 1st Secondary School can today be considered to be its heir. The school was founded by Jesuit monks and was attended by children of rich families, which for a long time were not Latvians. The main language of education of the time was Polish.
• The Jesuits also founded other schools close to their churches. Among the first of such schools were the ones in Viļaka (1683), Pustiņa (1748) and after 1750 also in Dagda, Feimaņi and other places.
• The first institution of higher education in Latvia was the Seminary in Krāslava (1757-1844). More than 250 priests graduated from that school. Here, the development of secular Latgalian literature started. Also, it continued traditions of religious literature and to cultivate the local Latvian varieties. Thereby, a local Latvian language was created.

One of the priests who attended the Seminary in Krāslava was Juoņs Kurmins. He was of Lithuanian ethnicity, and published the „Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski..” („Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary..”), the first dictionary which included Latgalian.

      J. Kurmin’s dictionary cover

If you are interested to get more information on the dictionary by Juoņs Kurmins, check here: http://www.lingvistiskakarte.lv/tag/jana_kurmina_slownik

• Information about the religious schools, and later also about the foundation of the first regular elementary schools is contradictory. The following claims have been made: 1) In the Latgalian periphery, schools belonged first to the University of Vilnius (starting in 1824), later to the provinces of Belarus and St. Petersburg (1829-1864), and then again to Vilnius. Since 1918, local municipalities were in charge; 2) After 1830, the religious schools were closed.

• Since 1824, the language of instruction in all schools had to be Russian. In 1907, the local Latvian language was introduced as a subject, after Nikodems Rancāns had founded schools in Rēzekne. Also, some schools continued to operate in the local Latvian language, in spite of the prohibition, based on individual decisions by teachers – for instance M. Rots in Daugavpils and Dagda, K. Buinickis in Rēzekne or E. Branslings in Strūžāni.
• The oldest primary schools were in Strūžāni (1840), Vuorkova (1845), Leivuons (1854), Ondrupinis (1860), and Zviergzdinis (1860).

Connect your school on the map with its year of foundation and time of operation!

• From 1920 onwards, 4-year and 6-year primary schools were slowly introduced all over Latgale. Where the language of instruction was Latvian, this meant at the time the „Latgalian dialect” (i.e. the Latgalian language in today’s understanding) during the first two years. From Grade 3 onwards, Latgalian continues to be taught as a subject, with the „Baltic dialect” (i.e. the Latvian Standard language in today’s understanding) as language of instruction. In addition, there are schools with Russian or Polish as languages of instruction, as well as Jewish schools. This school language policy continues until the 1934 coup d’état by Kārlis Ulmanis.
• You can find information about your school between 1921 and 1938 in the journal „Latgolas Škola“, which appeared in 93 issues with a total of about 2000 pages over a period of 18 years (Rudko 1990). The journal reflects the situation of schools in Latgale, the level of education, educational policies, pedagogical methods, and the high level of attention that was given to Latgalian language and literature.

Latgolas Škola, Nr.2 (01.04.1922.)

Memories of rural schools in „Russian times” as reflected in „Latgolas škola” can be found here: http://periodika.lv/periodika2-viewer/?lang=fr#panel:pp|issue:12380|article:DIVL22

• Latgalian returns to schools in the years of occupation by Nazi Germany (1941-1944). During the entire era of Soviet occupation, Latvian schools operate only in the other variety of the Latvian language – Standard Latvian. Also after the re-establishment of Latvian independence in 1991, Latgalian is neither offered as language of instruction nor as subject. Only occasionally, Latgalian is today a facultative subject or taught in voluntary afternoon classes.